Got the bearing races out. I tried a couple things but the simplest way wound up being ridiculously easy.
I grabbed a 2.5" flat washer from Ace last night for $1.20. This morning I cut off 1/2" from 2 sides, then ground down the outsides to 2 3/8. Put the washer over the bolt for the slide hammer and a smaller washer to keep it flat. Slipped it into the axle tube, 2 whacks of the slide hammer, and it's out. Same on the passenger side. Took me about 15 minutes of grinding to get the right shape for the tube, but worked like a charm. No more fighting with 12 bolt axle bearings.